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CADRILLE is an ethnic and ballroom pair dance. There are Moscow C., Volga, Ural C., etc. There are ethnic dances that are the variations of C.: the dances of four, six, seven, eight, kadrel, lantse, etc. It was popular in 19th – early 20th centuries during the games and bean­feasts in Belarusian, Russian,...

CALCINED SODA (soda ash). The production of C.s. by the Solve method (chemical interaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia with a saturated water solution of chloride and the subsequent burning of the resultant sodium bicarbonate) was mastered in Bashkortostan at the Sterlitamak Soda Plant in 1951. C.s....

CALENDAR POETRY is folklore works which are a part of natural­seasonal rituals (see Rituals). Peoples have universal ideological and functional bases of C.p.: deification and personification of living nature, belief in magical power of words (see Magic), personification of the highest celestials (Tengri,...

CANCER HOSPITAL, the leading republican clinical specialized Tumor Treatment Centre in Bashkortostan. Founded in 1945 in Ufa. It consists of 2 polyclinics, the inpatient clinic with thoracic, proctological, gastroenterological, mammological, urological, gynecological, urological, gynecological departments,...

CANTON, 1) military unit in the canton administration system in Russia. Established by the Decree of April 10th 1798. They were established based on territorial subdivision; divided into Yurts (Bashkir and Mishar C.) and Regiments (Cossack); often the territory of one volost was divided between several...

CANTON SYSTEM, a form of military administration in Bashkortostan between 1798—1865. Main purposes: prevention of the Bashkir uprisings (ref. Bashkir Uprisings in the 17—18th centuries), colonization of the region, and creation of the bridgehead for attack of the Middle Asia. In 1789, Ufa and Simbirsk...

CARAVAN TRADE ROUTES, a system of trade routes, connecting the countries of the East and the West in Antiquity, and the Middle Ages. Information on routes from Central Asia and the Caucasus to the Urals is contained in the writings of ancient authors (Herodotus, Ptolemy) and 9—10th centuries Arab‑Persian...

CARDIONEUROLOGICAL CENTRE, OOO, a multidisciplinary medical centre, which is part of Promeditsina Holding. Founded in Ufa in 2007. Provides paid outpatient (incl. home‑based), primary medical and specialized medical care to adults and children. Also provides laboratory (allergic, genetic, histological...

CARNIVORES (Carnivora), an order of mammals. There are 7 known families with 240 species. There are 16 species of 5 families (Procyonidae, Felidae, Mustelidae, Ursidae, Canidae) in the RB. The length of their bodies varies from 11 (weasel) to 250 cm (brown bear), and their mass varies from 100 g to...

CARPINI, Giovanni del Plano (ca. 1180 or, according to other data, ca. 1185 — 1252), Italian Traveler, Monk. In 1245, he headed the first European mission to the Mongolian Empire (the route crossed the territory of the Volga region, the Urals and Central Asia). Author of the literary works called The...

CATALYTIC CRACKING, the process of destructive processing of crude oil engaging catalysts. It is designed for extraction of gasoline from high‑boiling oil fractions. It is a part of the process flowsheets of all Oil Refineries. First introduced at Ufimsky Oil Refinery in 1952. Three plants were launched...

CATTLE BREEDING, a branch of livestock breeding. In the Republic, the total headcount of cattle in businesses of all categories amounted to 1,110.8, incl. cows — 465.5 thous.: agricultural entities – 405.9 and 153.8, homesteads – 594 and 261.8, peasant (farmer) farms — 110.9 and 49.9, correspondingly...

“CAVALRY  HORSE  WITH  A  STAR ON HIS FOREHEAD”, “A   h o r s e  w i t h  a    w h i t e   s t r i p e   o n   h i s   f o r e h e a d”, Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-kuy. First registered by A.S. Klyucharyev in 1933 from A. Karimov, a worker of the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant, published in the book “Bashkort...

CAVES, the forms of relief, representing hollow cavities in the upper layers of the earth’s crust, connected with the surface by means of entrance holes. By formation they are divided into natural and artificial caves, by the time of formation they are divided into speleocycles: small — 1.5—2 million...

CENTER OF FOLK ART r e g i o n a l. Located in Ufa. Established in 1937 in order to preserve, develop, and promote the cultural heritage of the Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Mari, Russian, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Chuvash, and other ethnicities living on the territory of RB; organize the cultural pastime...

CENTER OF TAJIK ETHNIC CULTURE N. A. I. SOMONI i n B a s h k o r t o s t a n, an NGO established in Ufa in 2000. The center participated in the 2nd (2009) and 3rd (2015) Congresses of the Bashkortostan Peoples’ Assembly, Inter-Regional Academic Workshop “Ethnic Politics and Traditional Culture” (2009),...

CENTRAL SPIRITUAL ADMINISTRATION OF MUSLIMS OF RUSSIA, a religious organization, uniting both religious groups and regional organizations. Located in Ufa. The main activities include the implementation of the (human) rights to freedom of confession of Islam; the spread of Muslim dogma; the development...

CENTRE FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, the republican outpatient type institution. It was opened in 1989 in Ufa. The Centre provides specialized diagnostical, consultative, medical and preventive care, as well as support on legal, social and rehabilitation issues of HIV‑infected...

CHAK-CHAK, traditional dish of Bashkir cuisine. It is made from non‑stiff dough, mixed with eggs. Pieces of sliced dough are fried in a large amount of melted butter or visceral fat, mixed with honey or sugar syrup and laid out in a heap. Festive Ch.ch. is sometimes decorated with berry pastille. It...

CHALIAPIN, Fyodor Ivanovich (1.2.1873, Kazan — 12.4.1938, Paris, in 1984 reburied in Moscow at the Novo‑Devichye cemetery), singer (high bass). People's Artist of the Republic (1918). Between 1890 — 91, he toured in Ufa. On December 18, 1890, he debuted in the hall of the Nobility Assembly building...