FOLK MUSIC

FOLK MUSIC (Musical Folklore), vocal or instrumental music made by the people. Traditionally exists in oral form. The Bashkir F.m. by its origin is largely individual and produced by individual kuraists, yyrau, sesens and other folk performers. The vocal F.m. includes uzun­-kyuy, khalmak­-kyuy, kyska­-kyuy, takmaks, kubairs, baits, munazhaty, chants in rituals of rain and sun, incantations, senlyau, song inserts in the epics Akhak‑kola, Zayatulyak and Khyukhyliu, Kara­-yurga, Kungyr­-buga, fairy tales, book chants in Mukhamadiya, Yusuf and Zuleykha, etc, as well as sound imitations, derevenskiye, rekrutskiye and zimogorskiye songs. Children (game, lullabies, nursery rhymes, jokes and tongue twisters) and youth (choral and game) songs are to be distinguished. The instrumental F.m. includes instrumental versions of vocal music, folk tunes (Kosogor of the Sorrel Horse, Sorrel Horse, Pede- strian Makhmut), marches (Akmechet, Perovsky), melodies for rituals (Dance of the Daughter-In-Law), lyric and other dances. F.m. main features are: deep connection with legends and tales of yore, the predominance of the solo singing and solo music, improvisation and diversity of melodies from short and formula melodies, which play a role of an accompaniment to rituals and to saturated with ornaments and rare in beauty and richness intonations of uzun‑kyuy (Buranbay, Zulkhizya, and Kamalek); different modal systems, among which the basic place is occupied by the pentatonic (Six of Egets, Voronyonok, and Cheryomukha); free and irregular rhythmics (Butis-palkaunik, Ilyas, and Kakhym­-turya); different types of polyphony — heterophony (in senlyau) and burdon (bass background in both uzlyau and kuraynyh tunes); and periodic and stanza forms of melody. Instrumental melodies differ from songs melodies by more vivid and contrast comparisons (octave duplication of melodies, phrases and jumps at long intervals). Folk songs are usually performed accompanied by kuray, accordion, dumbyra, violin, mandolin and other instruments.