TRADITIONAL ADORNMENTS

TRADITIONAL ADORNMENTS, costume details, which are a supplement to festive, ceremonial and casual clothes. They also performed the role of talismans and charms for Bashkirs, pointed to the ancestral affiliation (ref. Bashkir tribal organization), social and property status of the family. Women’s T.a. included breast, braid and forehead T.a., bracelets, captyrma, earrings, sulpy, signet rings, rings, including pendants of coins (“ringing”). Various decorations were also a part of headwear, such as bashkeyem, kashmau, kushyaulyk, and tastar. Men wore waist belts with decorative buckles, fastenings, sometimes signet rings. T.a. were mainly made of silver; corals and coins were used, for inlay – carnelian, turquoise, mother‑of-pearl plates, cowrie, golden and brown amber, beads, red, green, and blue polished glass. Intricate details were made by chasing and engraving (less often by blackening and granulation), in northern areas – by filigree. In addition to local products, adornments made in Kazan Gub. and less often in Middle Asia and the Caucasus were also popular with Bashkirs. T.a. most vividly reflect the regional peculiarities of the Bashkir costume.