BASHKIR LANGUAGE

BASHKIR LANGUAGE, one of the Turkic languages (Kipchak­Bulgarian sub­ group of the Kipchak group). The national language of Bashkirs, one of the state languages of the RB. It is also distributed in Kurgan, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk and Chita oblasts, Perm Krai, RT, Republic of Komi, Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), the republics of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, etc. By lexical, phonetic and grammatic features, it is the closest to the Tatar language. The national colloquial B.l. developed in the 15–16th centuries as a result of interaction of the dialects of the Bashkir tribes, living in the Southern Urals since the middle of 1st millennium AD. The Turki of the Ural­Volga Region played the role of the literary language. After the accession of Bash­kortostan to Russia, the Turki was recog­ nized as the official written language. In the 20–30s of the 20th century, the modern literary Bashkir language was formed in the process of synthesis of the national collo­ quial language, the language of folklore and the Turki of the Ural­Volga Region. In the 30–40s, the codification of the language appears, the basic functional styles develop, the terminology is updated, and the areas of the language application are expanded. Since 1950s, the stabilization of the norms of the modern literary B.l. and enhancement of its interaction with the Russian language have been observed. There are east, south and north­west dialects of the Bashkir language. The phonetic system of B.I. includes 9 vowels and 26 consonants phonemes. The B.l. is an agglutinative language. The distinctive feature of the morphology of the B.l. is the phonetic multiplicity of affixes depending on the final sound of the base and root vowelization, which is caused by the morphological phenomenon of vowel harmony inherent in the B.l. Word for­ mation is performed using synthetic and analytic methods. The words common for all Turkic languages represent the most archaic layer in the vocabulary of the modern literary B.l. In the vocabulary there is a layer of borrowings (Arabisms, Farsisms, Finno­ Ugrisms, Mongolisms, Russisms), including internationalisms that mainly came through the Russian language. The syntax of the B.l. is characterized by a strict order of words in the sentence and by the abundance of compound sentences. Over the years of its functioning, the B.l. changed 3 alphabets. A significant contribution to the study of the B.l. was made by I.G.Galyautdinov, M.V.Zaynullin, K.G.Ishbayev, D.G.Kiyek­bayev, N.H.Maksyutova, S.F. Mirkhsanova, G.G.Saitbattalov, D.S.Tikeyev, Z.G.Urak­sin, F.G.Khisamitdinova, R.Shakur, etc.