NEWSPAPERS

 NEWSPAPERS, printed and electronic periodicals that publish materials on current events; a type of mass media.

The Orenburgskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti was the first N. on the territory of Bash‑ kortostan. It was published in 1838 in Ufa. Since 1865, the Ufimskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti N. began to be published in Ufa. Changes in the social and political life of the country in the late 19th — early 20th centuries contributed to the emergence of political parties publications (Krestyanskaya Gazeta, Orenburgsky Kray, Soldatskaya Gazeta, etc). At the beginning of the 20th century, Muslim intellectuals organized printed publications in Turki language of the Ural‑Volga region. After the February Revolution of 1917, the number of printed publications significantly increased not only in provincial centres, but also in county towns and factory settlements. After the October Revolution of 1917, the following new N. appeared: Izvestiya of the Ufa Guberniya Council of People’s Commissars, and Krestyanin, Rabochiy i Soldat (Birsk, 1918) — newspapers of the Bolshevik Party; Sotsialist-revolyutsioner (Ufa, 1918) — new‑ spaper of the Right Socialist Revolutionaries Party; Bashkurdistan, Golos Rabochego, and Kuresh (Struggle; Ufa, 1918), etc — newspapers of the Tatar Left Socialist Revolutionaries Party. During the Civil War N. were published irregularly. With the establishment of Soviet power on the territory of Ufa Gub. and Malaya Bashkiriya, periodicals passes to the authority of Soviet and Party bodies, which led to the introduction of censorship. After signing the Agreement of the Central Soviet Power with the Bashkir Govern‑ ment on the Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria, printed products on the terr. of the Republic passes into the jurisdiction of the Bashkir Government. Local N. were published mainly in the Bashkir language. The establishment of Bolshaya Bashkiriya leads to a temporary reduction in the number of N. (in 1922 — 9 newspapers). Since 1930, along with the change of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic, rural N. in the Bashkir, Russian, Tatar, Chuvash and Mari languages started to be published based on the former N. of collective farms and plants. During the Great Patriotic War the number of N. was reduced (in 1942 — 85 newspapers). In the postwar period, there was a gradual revival of the previously shut N. Transformations in the social and political life of the country in the 1980s — 90s contributed to the emergence of N. published by political and religious associations and national movements. Also, various types of N. appeared, including advertising newspapers, private newspapers, etc. The number of N. published in the languages of peoples of Bashkortostan increased. N. in the Bashkir language began to be published outside the RB, namely in places of compact Bashkirs residence, including Orenburg, Chelyabinsk oblasts, etc. In 2014, these N. were merged into the Respublika Bashkortostan publishing house. In 2018, there were more than 100 N. in the RB.