IMPLEMENTS

IMPLEMENTS traditional, for Bashkirs included various household items made of birch bark, wood, bast, leather, metal (cauldron, samovar, etc), clay (was rare, mainly in the southern areas). Dining I. consisted of various wooden bowls: medium, low, deep bowls were used on a daily basis, large bowls – on holidays. Deep small bowls, cups and scoops were used for drinks ayran, bal, millet ale, kumys, etc. Kitchen I. included various leather vessels for storage and transportation of dairy products; wooden dishes for storage of flour, grain, honey, butter, dough kneading; birch trays, buckets for manufacture and storage of korot – fermented milk product, eremsek (cottage cheese), etc. Various wooden barrels, tubs, buckets for water, dairy products, etc were used as household I.; troughs were used for bread; small tubs – for meat cutting; large tubs – for washing, feeding poultry and cattle, leather milk pails and butter churns, flasks. Birch bark baskets and other baskets were used to collect and dry berries, mushrooms, etc. I. were decorated with applique, inset, contour, embossed carving, embossing, leather carving in the form of geometric, flower and vegetation, solar ornament. The majority of I. were located in the female half of the dwelling (ref. Traditional interior design). Special importance was attached to many I. during holidays and wedding ceremonies, e.g. kumys was served to guests in ornamented wooden barrels with lids and scoops, as well as in leather vessels; wedding gifts were put into a fur tote bag, decorated with coloured cloth and tassels. Since the end of the 19th century, the factory manufactured I. have become widely spread.