Список материалов

HISTORY OF THE BASHKIR PEOPLE, a scientific edition in 7 volumes. Prepared in 2009 by the Institute of History, Language and Literature, as well as scholars of the Academy of Sciences of the RB, the Bashkir State University, and other institutions of the RB and the Russian Federation. Chief Editor –...

HISTORY OF THE BASHKIR LITERATURE, a fundamental edition written by a group of authors in the Bashk. language and published in 6 volumes between 1990—96. The Russian language edition consists of 4 volumes and has been published since 2012. Chief Editor — G.B.Khusainov. The 1st volume is dedicated to...

HORSE BREEDING, horses reproduction and utilization processes; a branch of livestock  breeding.  Bashkortostan  is a region of advanced H.b. Horses are used for agricultural and transportation purposes, in equestrian sports and tourism, in the fields of milk, meat and skin production, as well as for...

HARNESS, equipment for a horse used for horseback riding or cargo transportation. The Bashkir tradition of H. manufacturing was conditioned by the needs of nomadic economy, the formation and development of soldiering (ref. Bashkirs’ Military service). Wood, leather, and metal were widely used for the...

HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS. There are several types of healthcare institutions, such as hospitals and polyclinics for adults and children, health centers, mothers and child support institutions, blood banks, emergency medical services units, hospitals for war veterans, medical centers, clinics (parts or...

HUNTING, a form of economic activity based on killing and trapping wild animals and birds. It is a traditional business for Bashkirs. Bashkirs H. system derives from the natural and climatic conditions, and economic traditions. There were active (chase, drive, battue, and hitting) and passive (use of...

HONORARY  TITLES  OF  THE  RE­ PUBLIC  OF  BASHKORTOSTAN,  the highest form of encouragement of citizens along with State Awards of  the  RB for state construction, development of economy, social sphere, science, culture, art, education, teaching and training, protection of life, health and rights of...

HOLIDAYS traditional, celebrations, dedicated to a significant day or event. There are traditional and official holidays (ref. Holidays and commemorative days). Нinclude Calendar days related to household activities (completion of sowing works, harvesting, etc), and Muslim holidays, which became popular...

HOLIDAYS AND COMMEMORATIVE DAYS in the Republic of Bashkortostan, days dedicated  to  outstanding  events  or traditional dates. According to the Law of 1992 On Holidays and  Commemorative Days, Professional Holidays and Other Significant Dates in the Republic of Bash­ kortostan, there are the following...

HANDWRITTEN BOOK, a monument of book culture; a book or a sheet written by hand. The H.b., found in the territory of Bashkortostan, date back to the 16th — early 20th centuries; most of them are written in the Turki of the Ural‑Volga Region. Among the H.b. of religious content (the lists of Koran and...

HEALTH RETREAT CENTERS, the healthcare institutions, providing predominantly natural treatments making use of the climate, mineral waters, mineral muds, etc, physiotherapy, dietetic therapy, physical exercises, pharmacological and other types of treatment, and rest regimen. There are H.r.c. of general...

HEAT ENGINEERING. The Bashkirenergo Company (Bashkortostan) put into operation a TPP based on gas reciprocating units; in 1999 a gas turbine unit was integrated for the first time for combined heat and power generation. Since the 1940s, the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant has produced rolled steel (including...

HUNDRED AND TWELFTH BASHKIR CAVALRY DIVISION (16th Guard Chernigov Cavalry Division), formed between January–March 1942, by the Resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, on the Dyoma Railway Station (now within the boarders of Ufa City) as the 112th Bashkir Cavalry Division. Comprised the...

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES, traditional for Bashkirs, include summer kitchen, barn, pantry, dugout shelter, bath‑house, smoke‑house, etc. The key construction materials were wood, osier, etc; the roof was covered with straw, bark, wooden lath, etc, later — with boards and iron. With the transition to sedentary...

HONING MACHINES on modular basis. Designed for metal machining with fine‑grain abrasive or metal bars covered with a diamond‑bearing layer. The bars are pressed against the machined surface by the hone, relative rotary and reciprocal movements (in upgraded machines oscillations are superimposed) of...

HERODOTUS (ca. 484 BC – ca. 425 BC), Ancient Greek Historian. Undertook a journey through Asia Minor, North East Africa and the South East Europe in the 50–40s of the 5th century BC. He was the author of the literary work titled History describing the Greek­-Persian wars which took place in the 500–449...

HOST-SPIRITS (In Bashkir mythology – eya) is a special category of the spirits in object of the material world. The ideas about them re­ late to the ancient layer of animistic beliefs (see Animism). The behaviors and activities of the H.­s. depend on people’s attitude to them, if they observe certain...

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CENTERS, public organizations, branches of the House of Peoples’ Friendship. They were established in places where ethnicities live in groups (Bashkirs, Belarusians, Latvians, Mari, Mordovians, Germans, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts, Ukrainians, and Chuvash) or in places associated...

“HISTORY OF THE BASHKIR PEOPLE”, a scientific edition in 7 volumes. Prepared in 2009 by the Institute of History, Language and Literature, as well as scholars of the Academy of Sciences of the RB, the Bashkir State University, and other institutions of the RB and the Russian Federation. Chief Editor...

HOLIDAY OF RUSSIAN SONG AND CHASTUSHKA, i n t e r r e g i o n a l. It was created in 1989 as an inter-district holiday; it became regional since 2000 and interregional since 2003. It is held in Belokatayskiy district of RB once every 2 years in order to safeguard and develop traditional Russian culture...