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AZRAKA (from Arabic – scoundrel, deceiver, sworn enemy) is an evil demon in Bashkir mythology. The character appears in “Ural­ batyr” epic. He is the tsar diyu of the underwater and underground worlds, the owner of the Yanshima magical spring (literally – living spring). Azraka seeks to get Khumay bird,...

AZHDAKHA is an evil demon that looked like a multi­headed fire­breathing dragon, according to Bashkir mythology. He is one of the fairytale characters, such as “Akhmet­batyr and Khudaybirde­batyr”, “Yeget defeating mil­ lenial azhdakha” and etc. His origin is connected with the Iranian mythological...

AZERI ETHNIC CULTURAL CENTER of RB, an NGO established in Ufa in 2001. The center has organized photo exhibitions dedicated to Azeri ethnic costumes, history, architecture, and civil  engineering  in  Baku  (2009–2012), a travelling exhibition of ancientAzeri tableware (2012). Participated in the 2nd...

“AZAMATOV‑KANTON”, “M i r k h a y ­ k a n t o n”, is a Bashkir ethnic song, uzun­kuy. The legend and poems were first registered in the 1920’s by S. Salimov and published in “Bashkort aymagy” (1929, № 7). The song is lyroepic. According to legend, the song was written as a dying wish of Mirkhaydar Azamatov,...

“AZAMAT” is a Bashkir ethnic song, uzun­kuy. The singing by S.S. Kulibaeva was first registered by M.K. Khismatullin in 1937 in the Temyasovo village of Baymakskiy District of BASSR. It was published in “Bash­ kort khalk yirdary”. The song is lyrical. It first appeared during the period of the canton...

AYTYSH is a Bashkir folklore genre, a dia­ logue contest of art word masters to perform a poetic or less often prose improvisation. It usually has dumbyra accompaniment at ethnic celebrations or meetings. Many A. are allegorical. A. poetic form can be observed in many ku­ bairs, g. dialogues of Narkes...

AVIZHANSKAYA Sofiya Aleksandrovna (5.12.1920–20.1.2014), folklorist, ethnographer, museologist. Candidate of Philology (1946). Her research is devoted to the history of the State Ethnography Museum of the Peoples of the USSR, the study of ethnography and folklore of the peoples of the Volga region and...

ATANOVA Lyudmila Petrovna [21.2.1920, Selo Chebotaryovo of Usergansky Canton of the ASBR (Kuvandyksky Raion of Orenburg Obl.) – 6.1.1994, Ufa], Musicologist, Folklorist. Candidate of Sciences (History of Arts) (1970). Merited Artist of the RF (1992) and BASSR (1964). Participant in the Great Patriotic...

ASSEMBLY OF FINNO‑UGRIC PEOPLES OF BASHKORTOSTAN, a NGO established by the Mordovian ethnic cultural center, Udmurts ethnic cultural center, “Ervel Mariy” non­governmental organization in Ufa in 2005. Main focus areas: coordination of activities of Finno­Ugric non­governmental organizations, assistance...

ASHMARIN Nikolay Ivanovich (22.9. 1870–26.8.1933), linguist. Doctor of Turkology (1925). Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). The founder of Chuvash linguistics. His research is devoted to the comparative study of Turkic languages, the theory of gesture imitation in the Chuvash...

“ASHKADAR NAGYSHTARY” (“Ashkadar patterns”), Bashkir folk ensemble of Sterlitamak City Palace of Culture. Established in 2000 as “Komartky” (“Relic”). In 2003, it was awarded the title “People’s”. In 2017 it became an honored folk­art team of RB. The band has had its current name since 2012. The team...

“ASHKADAR DAWNS” (“Ashkadar tandary”) i s   a   r e g i o n a l   h o l i d a y   o f B a s h k i r    f o l k l o r e. It has been held since 2006 (every 3 years) in Sterlitamak in order to preserve, develop, and promote Bashkir folklore,  identify  the  best  folk  bands  and performers, and teach...

“ASHKADAR” a  B a s h k i r   p o p  a n d   f o l k  b a n d. It was established in 1991 at Sterlitamak City Philharmonic; since 2013 it has been a part of Sterlitamak State Theater and Concert Association. The band’s repertoire includes musical compositions “My native land, clean air, spring water...”,...

“ASHKADAR” is a Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-kuy. It was first written down by S.G. Rybakov in 1894 from Abdrakhman Davletov in the Yuluk village of Orskiy District of Orenburgskaya region (now Baymakskiy District) and published in “Music and songs of the Ural Muslims and their household description”....

“ARMY” (“Arme”) is a Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-kuy. It was first written down by S.G. Rybakov and published in “Music and songs of the Ural Muslims and their household description”. The song is lyroepic. It is one of the most common of Bashkir musical folklore. It relates to the songs about military...

“ARGYMAK” a n   e t h n i c   b a n d. Established  in  2009  in  Ufa  at  the  Institute of Arts (since 2015, at Bashkir Philharmonic). The works of A. are characterized by the synthesis of various schools and genres (folkrock, reggae, dubstep, trap, Nasheed, etc), ethnic melodic with modern means...

“ARGUZHA”, is a Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-­kuy. The legend  and  poems  were  first written down in the 1920’s by S. Salimov and published in “Bashkort aymagy” (1929, № 7). It was recorded on phonograph in the 30’s and published in “Folklore of RSFSR peoples” (1979). The song is lyroepic. The story...

APHORISTICS E t h n i c,  a set of folk judgements expressed in laconic form. A. basis for proverbs and idioms. A. also include the sayings of  ancient writers, philosophers, publicists. Russian A. includes many apt quotations of A.S. Pushkin, A.S. Griboyedov, I.A. Krylov, A.P. Chekhov, Bashkir A. contains...

ANIMISM (from Latin anima – soul, spirit) is the belief in existence of souls and spirits, supernatural, supersensible images that appear as active objects and phenomena of the material world in religious thinking. Souls and spirits couldbeamorphous,phitomorphous,zoomorphous, anthropomorphous creatures,...

ANIKIN Vladimir Prokopyevich (6.8.1924– 25.9.2018), folklorist. Doctor of Philology (1974). Honored Professor of MSU. His research is devoted to the study of the history and theory of folklore, genres of Russian folklore, and folklore in the works of Russian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. He...