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COLUMBIFORMES, an order of birds. There are 2 known families and about 300 species. There are 6 species of Columbidae family in the RB. Migratory and non migratory birds of average sizes with body length of 26–46 cm and body mass of 100–600 g. They feed on seeds and fruits of wild and cultivated plants,...

COMMUNICATIONS, a branch of economy; transfer and reception of information by means of various technical equipment. There is postal C. and electrical C. Postal C. provides the reception and transfer of postal communications (written correspondence, periodicals, money orders, post packages, parcels)...

COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS, educational institutions, which provide general education. In 1941, there were: 4772 C.s., in 1950 — 5191, in 1960 — 4857, in 1971 — 4305, in 1995 — 3372, in 2000 — 3299, in 2019 — 1319. There are part‑time schools for the working youth and remedial schools — for children with...

CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKS. C.m.t. are designated for production and transportation of  cement  mortars.  They  feature a reversible gravity concrete mixers with a pear-shaped mixing drum mounted on the Tuymazy Ready­ Mix Truck Plant makes more than 10 modifications of cement mixers with drums with a mortar...

CONGRESS HALL TORATAU, an architectural complex located in Ufa. Built according to the project of R.U.Mullagildin (RAUM Architects Ltd.) and Kyokazu Arai (Arai Architects) in 2007 in preparation for the 450th anniversary accession of Bash- kortostan to Russia. It is a four‑level building of complex...

CONSTITUTION OF THE RB, the basic law, which defines the public and state system, the order and principles of organization of state authorities, and the rights and duties of citizens. The decisions of AllBashkir Constituent Kurultay (December 8—20th, 1917) were of a constitutional significance. The...

CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RB, a republican body of judicial authority, independently administering justice through constitutional proceedings. Created on March 27th, 1996. It is composed of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman and three judges. The C.C. solves only issues of law; in the implementation of...

CONSTRUCTION, economic branch. It includes erection, reconstruction and overhaul repair of buildings and engineering structures of various purposes, installation of engineering equipment, design, survey, drilling, etc works, associated with the erection of certain facilities. Depending on the purpose...

CONSTRUCTION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RB INSTITUTE, a research, design, engineering and production BashNIIstroy, GUP. Located in Ufa. Established in 1956. Main activities: research in the sphere of foundation engineering, building structures and materials; creation of building and structure construction...

CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY, the total of industries, associated with the production of mainly articles of mass consumption. Apart from ready‑to‑use products, the consumer goods industry produces semifinished products, intermediate products and materials for other enterprises. The RB is represented by textile,...

CONVENTIONAL LAW, a set of rules of conduct (customs), formed in a society as a result of their repeated application. The Bashkir applied the Law along with the Sharia until the beginning of the 20th century. The rules of the C.l. regulated all aspects of life of the Bashkir community, relations with...

CORACIIFORMES, an order of birds. There are more than 10 families knows, with about 200 species. In the RB there are 3 species from 3 families (Coraciidae, Alcedinidae, and Meropidae). They are migratory birds of small (halcyon with body length up to 19 cm, body mass up to 25–45 g) and average (roller...

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, carry out punishment in the form of imprisonment. This term is used in the Russian Federation terminology on the criminal enforcement system. In Bashkortostan, arrest and prison izbas (huts), dvors (courtyards) and ostrogs (jails) are known since the 2nd half of the 16th...

CORVEES (forced labour), are compulsory duties performed by the population at the behest of the state or a landowner. Since ancient times, the main corvee of the Bashkirs was military service (ref. Military Service of the Bashkirs). The increase in the number of C. was one of the reasons for the Bashkir...

CRAFTS, traditional occupations based on manual production. The types and characteristic features of the Bashkir C. were caused by natural and climatic peculiarities of Bashkortostan, traditional forms of economy (wild‑honey farming, agriculture, cattle breeding, etc), everyday life, historical cultural...

CRUSTACEA, a subtype of antropods type. There are 6 classes (Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Ostracoda, Malacostraca, and Remipedia), and more than 17 orders with over 40,000 species throughout the globe. There are 155 species of 4 classes in the RB. Their body, which is a few mm to 80 cm...

CUCULIFORMES, an order of birds. There are 2 known families with about 150 species, mostly non‑migratory birds. There are 2 species of Cuculidae families in the RB, mostly migratory birds. The oriental cuckoo’s body length range is 30–32 cm, body mass range is 70–150 g, the common cuckoo’s body length...

CULTURAL AND LEISURE INSTITUTIONS, provide leisure to the population and create conditions for amateur art grops. In Bashkortostan, cultural and leisure activities are developed by an extensive network of institutions, including city and district palaces of culture and rural clubs. There are libraries,...

CUPRIFEROUS SANDSTONES, mostly mediumand fine‑grained rocks, composed of copper minerals: chalcosine, bornite, covelline (black copper), chalcopyrite, native copper, etc. C.s. are characteristic of arid lagoon‑delta deposits and are distinguished by greenish‑gray or gray colour against the prevailing...

CURRANT, a plant genus of the Gros sulariaceae family. There are about 150 species known. The black C. and bristly C. grow in the RB. Leaf‑losing shrubs. Grown on humid marshlands, forest edges, edges of lakes, rivers and swamps, in thickets of shrubs throughout the territory of the Republic. Valuable...