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CHORAL MUSIC, music intended forchoral performance. In Bashkortostan C.m. started to develop at the time of theorigination of the first amateur choralgroups, whose repertoire mostly had simpleexamples of folk melodies such as takmaks,revolutionary and Red Army songs; it isalso associated with the activities...

CHOREOGRAPHIC COLLEGE NAMED AFTER R.NUREYEV. Founded in 1986 as Ufa Choreographic School. Name changed in 1996 to Bashkir Choreographic School and, in 1998, it was named after R.K.Nureyev. In 2009, it acquired its present name. The college has been training children from different regions of the RF...

CHOREOGRAPHY, the art of dance in all its varieties. Before the Revolution of 1917, the Bashkir folk dance developed under the influence of the historical and social living conditions of the people. In its epics and legends one finds quite a few references to folk dances, which are also described in...

CHUDOV, Maxim Aleksandrovich (b.12.11.1982, Selo Mikhaylovka of Ufimsky Raion of the BASSR), Athlete. Merited Master of Sports (biathlon) of Russia (2008). Awarded with the Order of Peoples’ Friendship (2010), the 2nd Class Medal of Order for Merits to the Fatherland (2010). A trainee of the Specialist...

CHURCHES, Christian cult buildings. Churches were built from the 2nd half of the 16th century (mainly around Ufa and along the Belaya River). From the middle of the 18th century churches were built in mining and industrial settlements. Since the end of the 18th century they were erected from donations...

CHURKIN, Yuri Vasilyevich (6.3.1935, Osinniki – 1.9.1998, Ufa), Chemical Technologist. Associate Member of the AS RB (1995), D.Sci. (Engineering Sciences) (1980), Full Professor (1986). Merited Master of Sciences and Technology of the BASSR (1989), Merited Worker of Petrochemical Industry of the USSR...

CHUVASHS (self-identified as Chuvash), a people, the dominant population of the Chuvash Republic. In 2010, 107.4 thous. Ch. lived in the RB: Sterlitamak — 14.3 thous. people, Ufa — 9.4 thous., Belebey — 7.5 thous., Salavat — 3.2 thous., Kumertau — 2.3 thous., Oktyabrsky – 1.9 thous.; Aurgasinsky Raion...

CHVANOV, Mikhail Andreyevich (b.25.7.1944 in Selo Staraya Mikhailovka, Salavatsky Raion of the BASSR, now Selo Maloyaz of the same Raion of the RB) is a writer. People’s Writer of the RB (2021). Merited Cultural Sector Professional of the Russian Federation (2002) and the RB (1994). Laureate of the...

CICONIIFORMES, an order of birds. There are 6 known families and 118 species. In the RB there are 6 species from Ciconiidae and Ardeidae families. They are migrating birds of large (with body length up to 100 cm and body mass of about 3 kg, black stork) and medium (with length of about 33 cm and body...

CINEMA NETWORK, a chain of cultural enterprises which show films to the public. It consists of actual cinemas theatres, cinema installations in clubs and portable film theatres. The first show of film in Ufa took place on 28 September, 1901. The actual cinema industry of Bashkortostan was formed between...

CINEMAS (film theatres), institutions designed to show moving pictures. They provide film screenings, advertise films, hold film festivals, film premieres, thematic screenings and other similar activities. In 1908, several entrepreneurs opened stationary cinema halls by such names as General Electro‑Biographer,...

CIRCUS ART. Bashkirs had the elements of C.a. in certain forms long ago. Horse riders, wrestlers, archers, dancers and musicians demonstrated their skills at sabantuys. The establishment and development of the professional Bashkir C.a. began after the Ufa Circus was opened in 1968. In 1970, the Bashkir...

CITY TRANSPORT, a complex of different modes of transport, performing the carriage of population and cargo within the city limits and its nearest suburban zone, as well as performing city improvement works. Tram fleet operates in Salavat (1957) and Ufa (1936), trolleybus fleet – in Sterlitamak (1961)...

CIVIL WAR of 1917—22 in Russia was caused by the First World War and the Revolution of 1917. Peculiarities of C.w. on the Bashkortostan territory were conditioned by the activities of the Bashkir National Movement, Kazakh and Tatar national movements, and Orenburg and Ural cossacks. In November, Farman...

CIVILIANS AND MILITARY PERSONNEL SOCIAL PROTECTION COMMITTEE OF THE RB, a public organization established to protect the rights of servicemen called from Bashkortostan and to assist parents and family members of the dead servicemen. Located in Ufa. Founded in 1990, as Bashkir Independent Committee on...

CLINICAL HOSPITAL FOR WAR VETERANS, Republican. This hospital provides medical care to disabled people and veterans of the Great Patriotic War, military and counter‑terror operations, as well as to the individuals of equal status. It is known since the 1920s and has two branches in Ufa. Consists of...

CLOVER, a plant genus of the Fabaceae family. There are about 300 species known. There are 11 species growing in the RB: field C. (red), hybrid C. (pink, swedish), crawling C. (white), etc. Grows on edges of forests, meadows, in the shrub thickets, etc. In the Republic, the meadow C. is being grown...

COLLECTIONS OF BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS, collections of handwritten books and early printed books, discovered in the territory of Bashkortostan. In the RB, the C.b.m. are concentrated at the Scientific Library of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (over 17.1 thous. items), in...

COLLEGE OF STATISTICS, INFOR­ MATICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, a federal state educational institution, located in Ufa. Founded in 1932. Training is available at full‑time or distant learning departments and covers the following fields: land and property relations; information security of automated...

COLLEGES, specialized educational institutions. In the RF, since the early 1990s, the status of C. has belonged to new or reorganized specialized secondary educational institutions (vocational‑technical schools, the so‑called tekhnikums), implementing programs of vocational education of basic and advanced...