Список материалов

ETHNIC GROUPS of Bashkirs, territorially isolated parts of ethnos, having peculiarities in the traditional culture, language and preserving ethnic identity. In the territory of the Volgo‑Ural historical‑ethnographic region, there are E.g. of Trans-Ural, Irgiz‑Kamelik, Kama‑Ik, Orenburg and Perm Bashkirs....

ETHNOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS of Bashkirs, include the objects of ethnos’ material culture and its local variants of ethnographic groups. The E.c. of Bashkirs were established during the Academic Expeditions of 1768 — 74, ethnographic expeditions, by scientists of the 18th — 21st centuries. At the Russian...

ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS, parts of ethnos, compactly living in a certain territory, preserving the peculiarities in the language and individual components of culture. Bashkirs are subdivided into South‑East., North‑East., North‑West., South‑West. E.g.; their ethnic basis was made up of the Mongolian and...

ETHNOGENESIS OF BASHKIRS, the process of the emergence and development of ethnic affinity; the initial phase of ethnic history of the ethnos. In ethnology, based on the materials on archaeography, archaeology, anthropology, comparative historical linguistics, etc, the Finno‑Ugric and Turkic theories...

ETHYLENE, a colorless gas with a slight scent. The production of ethylene was mastered in Bashkortostan in 1957 at the Ufa Plant of Synthetic Alcohols through the pyrolysis of petroleum gas (since 1968 through the pyrolysis of gasoline). Used in the synthetic ethanol manufacturing by method of its hydration,...

EPIC, a genre of the Bashk. folklore and folk literature. A narrative which could exists in different forms: poetic, prosaic, and mixed (poetic and prosaic). One of the oldest genres of folk poetry. E. reflects the people’s ideas about nature and life, their beliefs and customs. The Bashk. epic is distinguished...

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, scientific, popular scientific or popular reference publications on paper and electronic media. E. represent a systematized set of knowledge, contain basic information on individual or all branches of science and practical activity, set out in the form of short articles, arranged in...

ENDEMICS, the species, phylia and other animal and plant taxons that inhabit specific, relatively limited territory. More than 110 species of endemic higher vascular plants grow in the RB, out of which 19 are apomictic difficult to be distinguished “microspecies” of the lady’s mantle phylum. In the...

ELTSIN, Boris Mikhailovich (1875, Zvenigorodka of Kiev Gub. – 27.11.1937), Soviet Communist Party Activist. Member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party since 1897. Graduated from the Novo‑rossiysky University (Odessa, 1898). He was exiled to Ufa Gub. for his revolutionary activities. Since...

ELECTRIC-POWER INDUSTRY, industry specializing in the production, transmission and distribution of electric energy; it is the leading component of the energy sector. Brown coal, natural gas, and heavy residue serve as raw materials. A distinctive feature of the energy sector of the RB is the presence...

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY, a branch of mechanical engineering, associated with the manufacture of the electrical products for the production, transmission and consumption of electric energy. The largest industry enterprises: Avtonormal Plant, Ufimkabel, Ufa Aggregate Production Association, Elektroapparat,...

ELECTRONIC MEDIA (network media), a mode of information receiving through electronic networks and screen or radio. There are two types of E.m: 1) audiovisual and 2) newspapers, magazines, information agencies with electronic versions of their printed publications, and electronic publications in the...

ELECTRIC MOTOR, an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy; most common are AC electric motors. In Bashkortostan electric motors are manufactured by the UAPO and Avtokomplekt Plant. In the 1950s, UAPO produced electric motors for aircraft, in 1960s – for motor vehicles,...

ECONOMIC TIES, the system of economic relations arising from labour differentiation, production specialization and co‑operation, proper distribution of productive forces. They develop at the level of micro‑ (between economic entities), meso‑ (between regions and territorial entities of the RF), and...

ECO TOURISM, travel to territories of wild nature in order to better understand the local culture and natural environment. It aims to not violate the integrity of ecosystems and make the protection of natural resources seen as beneficial for local residents. In Bashkortostan, the most active types of...

ECLOGITE, an over‑pressured magmatic and metamorphic rock. It is made by critical mineral association of pyrop‑grossular‑almandi of new garnet, jadeite‑diopside‑clinopiroxen (omphacite), rutile, secondary minerals (quartz, coesite, cyanite, zoisite, hornblende, and ilmenite). By its chemical composition,...

ECONOMY, a set of occupations, production tools and methods. Depending on the economy and culture, the key occupations of Bashkirs in the system of traditional E. were semi‑nomadic cattle breeding (in south. and south‑east. areas) and arable farming (west. and north.‑west.); they also engaged in hunting,...

EID AL-FITR, one of the most important Muslim holidays. It begins on the 1st of the month of Shawwal (the 10th month of the Muslim Calendar) and lasts 3 to 4 days. It marks the end of the sawm, which is a 30‑day fast in the month of Ramadhan (the 9th month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muslims...

EARLY PRINTED BOOK, a monument of book culture; published during a certain period after the appearance of book printing; it has design similarities with a handwritten book. The majority of the E.p.b., stored in the collections of books and manuscripts, were collected in the 20th century; the earliest...

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY, an individual independent economic activity of a person or group of people aimed at obtaining profit or personal income. Helps to meet the needs of population in goods and services, and to create new jobs. It also improves territorial and sectoral structure of the economy and...